{"id":14702,"date":"2024-10-30T17:01:22","date_gmt":"2024-10-30T09:01:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/?p=14702"},"modified":"2024-12-30T09:32:13","modified_gmt":"2024-12-30T01:32:13","slug":"pci-and-pcie-in-pcb-layout-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/blog\/pci-and-pcie-in-pcb-layout-design\/","title":{"rendered":"PCI e PCIe nella progettazione del layout dei PCB-ELEPCB"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"14702\" class=\"elementor elementor-14702\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23cca4dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"23cca4dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-76271630\" data-id=\"76271630\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2098061b elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"2098061b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2098061b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k megnyit\u00e1sa\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__2098061b\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Tartalomjegyz\u00e9k bez\u00e1r\u00e1sa\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__2098061b\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31c567ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31c567ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"K5cQdPyqAoIVz9xiCVzcrjK4n2e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"K5cQdPyqAoIVz9xiCVzcrjK4n2e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"ZzVndCoYjoIIzhx50mjcQDcLnue\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"SKC7dw5mIo9QKNxSgwPcggXAnRh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"BaAqdv8UmonE8ZxHyouc2xGbn6c\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Dr1edNdemonXW8xAUfpcwbIBnZf\"><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-M71RdAtreoL83pxyE9rcYDMGncf\">Are you curious about <strong>PCI<\/strong><strong> and <\/strong><strong>PCIe<\/strong><strong> in <\/strong><strong>PCB layout<\/strong><strong> design<\/strong>? What is PCI, what is PCIe, and what are the differences between PCI on different types of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/pcb-products\/\" data-lark-is-custom=\"true\">PCBs<\/a>? Want to know more? Learn with <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/\" data-lark-is-custom=\"true\">ELEPCB<\/a><\/strong>!<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b287fe4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b287fe4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ef83b83\" data-id=\"ef83b83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db69c01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"db69c01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ade1369 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ade1369\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e32bc52\" data-id=\"e32bc52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ee624f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0ee624f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>What are PCI and PCIe?<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c72739d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c72739d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d16dac9\" data-id=\"d16dac9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25747f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25747f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Concept of PCI<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cf988d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cf988d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ec8130\" data-id=\"6ec8130\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5149687 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5149687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PPIldaMpSoP4lmxa4eXcN9MPnwc\">PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is a <strong>local parallel bus standard<\/strong> originally designed to connect <strong>central processing units (CPUs<\/strong>) to external devices, introduced by Intel in 1991, PCI was developed by the PCI-SIG in the United States.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-W3gWdRQlDowbE0xLGrZcW7kvnAc\">The most authoritative information about the PCI standard is the <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>PCI Spec file<\/strong><\/span> issued by this organisation. You can try to search for the PCI Spec file for reading if you are interested. It has been updated to <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">PCIe<\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> 7.0 version0.5<\/span>.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-146fc28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"146fc28\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-123e66a\" data-id=\"123e66a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9f9b14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b9f9b14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>The Configuration Process of the PCIce<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfa9591 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfa9591\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c1cf2d\" data-id=\"5c1cf2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-337c456 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"337c456\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-PPIldaMpSoP4lmxa4eXcN9MPnwc\"><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-M2Fed5hbIoh5tQxaWcScJfNTn9d\"><strong>The process generally includes: <\/strong><\/div><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LTtBdrJBcoQVU2xIQCXcoFq7nfd\" data-list=\"bullet\">Addressing of the PCI<\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-T6RFdpsq2otSTLxzfZ7cwNcknph\" data-list=\"bullet\">Configuration space\uff1awherein a PCI device has three addressing spaces<\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LuWNdAcNvoYb4YxyKfQcCPspnzh\" data-list=\"bullet\">IO ports<\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HfApdCkRNoETMWxHfnVcAeB5nf2\" data-list=\"bullet\">Device memory<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5690c1f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5690c1f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b58543a\" data-id=\"5b58543a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4372ffa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"4372ffa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-square-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"far fa-caret-square-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Table 1: The Configuration Process of PCIe<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1131\"><table><colgroup><col width=\"250\" \/><col width=\"134\" \/><col width=\"352\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">PCIe Configuration<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">Aspect<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">Details<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCI Addressing<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">Addressing of the PCI &#8211; configuration space is part of the process. <br \/>General Inclusion: It generally includes this addressing aspect.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCI Device Addressing Spaces<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">Number<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">A PCI device has three addressing spaces.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCI Device Addressing Spaces<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">Space Types<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">The types are IO ports and device memory.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCI System Layout<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">System Startup<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">Access and registers of the PCI configuration space include <br \/>system startup, <br \/>during which the firmware <br \/>PCI peripherals make configuration transactions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCI System Layout<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">Transactions<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">During system startup, <br \/>configuration transactions exist between the firmware and the PCI peripherals.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCI System Layout<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">I\/O Registers<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">&#8211; I\/O registers have a side effect. <br \/>&#8211; They should not be cached by the CPU.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCI Data Structures<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">pci_dev, <br \/>pci_device_id, <br \/>pci_driver, <br \/>pci_register_driver, <br \/>pci_unregister_driver, <br \/>pci_enable_device<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">More Information Source<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\" data-sheet-value=\"[{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Check the &quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;url&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;PCI-SIG official website&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.pcisig.com\/&quot;},{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;.&quot;}]\">Check the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pcisig.com\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">PCI-SIG official website<\/a>.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2301dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2301dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6589ce9\" data-id=\"6589ce9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b7929d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b7929d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>The Development of PCI (PCI Or PCIe?)<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a278be0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a278be0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1eea3e4\" data-id=\"1eea3e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6afa92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e6afa92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HFVEd1Zqlow0QaxuAWTcZTGAnPd\">Since 1992, the PCI interface has undergone major revamps to meet the ever-growing needs of computing. <strong>PCIe<\/strong><strong> moved to a serial <\/strong><strong>point-to-point<\/strong><strong> architecture<\/strong>, thus increasing transfer rates and flexibility in systems.<\/div><ol class=\"list-number1\" start=\"1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XYlidO85uojfvsxFzshcaJEynxe\" data-list=\"number\"><div>PCI 1.0: This is the first version, which allows for an operational frequency of <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">33 <\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">MHz<\/span> and bandwidth of <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">133 <\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">MB<\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">\/s<\/span>.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Bcx4dHxb1o50t5xLkNZcBRMnnZc\" data-list=\"number\"><div>PCI 2.0: Introduction of the 66 MHz operating frequency, doubled bandwidth to <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">264 <\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">MB<\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">\/s<\/span>.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WMWXdqg8oofcqTxAIAfcrIbxnNc\" data-list=\"number\"><div>PCI-X: IBM, HP and Compaq were responsible for introducing the next phase of this technology, namely PCI-X, which achieved further performance improvements by having <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">64-bit widths<\/span> and frequencies up to <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">133 <\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">MHz<\/span>.<\/div><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718dd01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718dd01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fea34e\" data-id=\"9fea34e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b434fab elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"b434fab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-square-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"far fa-caret-square-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Table 2: The Development of PCIe<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1881\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1881\"><table><colgroup><col width=\"152\" \/><col width=\"143\" \/><col width=\"237\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">Time<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">Version<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">rate of data signalling<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\" data-sheet-value=\"2003\">2003<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCIe 1.0<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">2.5 Gbps<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\" data-sheet-value=\"2007\">2007<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCIe 2.0<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">5.0 Gbps<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\" data-sheet-value=\"2010\">2010<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCIe 3.0<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">8.0 Gbps<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\" data-sheet-value=\"2017\">2017<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCIe 4.0<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">16.0 Gbps<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">&#8230;<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">&#8230;<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">&#8230;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">2024-2025<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">PCIe 7.0<\/td><td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e;\">512 GB\/s\uff08The two &#8211; way total bandwidth\uff0cbased on the PCIe 7.0 x16 configuration\uff09<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c6fe085 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c6fe085\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-21cfda5\" data-id=\"21cfda5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1696bc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1696bc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>PCI in PCB Layout Design<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e423b1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e423b1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c7160f\" data-id=\"5c7160f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-825e272 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"825e272\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Why is PCI Layout Necessary?<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b848bee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b848bee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9b12d94\" data-id=\"9b12d94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afe5158 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"afe5158\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-J4emdK5DHoEbzNx1kIfcAWJsnMc\">The PCI interface layout directly influences the performance and stability of the system; thus, <strong>the layout of a PCI interface is one of the most important issues<\/strong> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/pcb-layout-design-process-and-guidelines\/\" data-lark-is-custom=\"true\">design<\/a> of a PCB.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NFt8ddau4oeyZsxhY9JcBIT7nYQ\">Before going forward with the layout of this interface, two things should be well determined in advance:<\/div><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Bl0xdd1x6otqcuxt0KfcmVZ4ndc\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Determine the maximum data rate of the <\/strong><strong>PCI<\/strong><strong> interface.<\/strong><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LEQhdnOsWoiAzgxqylbcXFAXnw7\">(see above Table 2 The Development of PCIe)<\/div><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TrN9d6AzYoHGtyxRLOocPtAhnob\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Define the coding scheme used by the <\/strong><strong>PCI<\/strong><strong> interface<\/strong>.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SWkwdBTuZoRBpMxhiIvcJat2nqc\">The PCI interface coding scheme has implications on a plethora of techniques including but not limited to <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">advanced signaling, data integrity, transmit-receive equalization, <\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">PLL<\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> enhancement, time-varying data recovery, and general-purpose scaling.<\/span><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-412a218 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"412a218\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cccc794\" data-id=\"cccc794\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a504b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"0a504b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-square-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"far fa-caret-square-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Table 3: The Development of PCI's Coding System<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1081\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1081\"><table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"211\" \/><col width=\"168\" \/><col width=\"84\" \/><col width=\"105\" \/><col width=\"314\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">PCI Version<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">Coding system<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">GT\/s<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">MB\/s<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: left;\">More Info<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCI 1.0<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">8b\/10b<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Initial version, parallel bus<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCI 2.0<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">8b\/10b<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Increase bandwidth, maintain the original code<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCI 3.0<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">8b\/10b<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Added support for higher rates<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCI Express 1.0 (PCIe 1.0)<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">8b\/10b<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"2.5\">2.5<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"250\">250<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Serial communication for the first time<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCI Express 2.0 (PCIe 2.0)<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">8b\/10b<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"5\">5<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"500\">500<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">transmission rate X 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCI Express 3.0 (PCIe 3.0)<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">128b\/130b<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"8\">8<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"985\">985<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Increased coding efficiency and doubled bandwidth<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCI Express 4.0 (PCIe 4.0)<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">128b\/130b<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"16\">16<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"1970\">1970<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Further increase bandwidth<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCI Express 5.0 (PCIe 5.0)<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">128b\/130b<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"32\">32<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"3940\">3940<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Seepd X 2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCI Express 6.0 (PCIe 6.0)<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PAM4<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"64\">64<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\" data-sheet-value=\"7880\">7880<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">The coding changes and the speed doubles again<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4f3bf8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4f3bf8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b57c4b8\" data-id=\"b57c4b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e290fed elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e290fed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Steps of PCI Layout Design<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5b0800c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5b0800c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0957c3f\" data-id=\"0957c3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8ab459 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f8ab459\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Step 1: Locating the Slots<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e4d927c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e4d927c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0c38081\" data-id=\"0c38081\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03f92ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03f92ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The physical layout of the interface of the PCI would <strong>start by locating the slots<\/strong>.<\/p><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LeLFdU0T8okCmhxbiswcahBknAd\">Ideally, these should be <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">as close as possible<\/span> to the location of the controller of the PCI on the motherboard for reducing the transmission path of the signal. Such a layout does not only reduce signal attenuation but also reduces the risk of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/pcb-shielding-basics-to-emi-and-rfi\/\" data-lark-is-custom=\"true\">EMI<\/a>.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XsyxdkBzBoov8FxCvYFcYi89nvh\">In practice, since there is area limitation and other <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/pcb-components-sourcing\/\" data-lark-is-custom=\"true\">component<\/a> layout requirements, an ideal situation is sometimes hard to achieve, so the designer needs to lay them out in context.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NsVLdiNCCooOOAxLjNYcfZS1nZj\">The most essential elements for the PCI interface are differential pairs of signal lines.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36c75eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36c75eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2228d40\" data-id=\"2228d40\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f7f855 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8f7f855\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"398\" src=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Snake-Alignments\u200b-In-PCI-Lay-Out-Design-1024x510.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14797\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Snake-Alignments\u200b-In-PCI-Lay-Out-Design-1024x510.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Snake-Alignments\u200b-In-PCI-Lay-Out-Design-300x149.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Snake-Alignments\u200b-In-PCI-Lay-Out-Design-768x383.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Snake-Alignments\u200b-In-PCI-Lay-Out-Design-1536x765.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Snake-Alignments\u200b-In-PCI-Lay-Out-Design.jpg 1546w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e724b87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e724b87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee54d0e\" data-id=\"ee54d0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47912b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47912b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-EQaDdchQIoHTF1xVW70c4VwnnRe\"><strong>Following are a few principles in wiring:<\/strong><\/div><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Obdxde4VOoyczXxFOmvcimM1nqC\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Length Control :<\/strong> Length of the alignment from the edge of the gold finger to the PCI-E Switch pin <strong>must <\/strong><span style=\"color: #d83931;\"><strong>not be<\/strong><\/span><strong> more than<\/strong><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong> 4 <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>inches<\/strong><\/span>, approximately <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>100 mm<\/strong><\/span>. This will limit the length in order to minimize signal attenuation and distortion.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AHV6dudwOofvX0x6CK0chL4Cn9c\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Differential Pair Spacing:<\/strong> Spacing of differential pairs shall be maintained even. Commonly, it is about <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>7 mils<\/strong><\/span>. Such even spacing maintains signal balance and reduces crosstalk.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-RaqndUSy0oGDF1xaEqXcZ7Nwnyb\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Length Matching:<\/strong> No more than a <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>5 mil length<\/strong><\/span> difference between any two traces in the same pair. Precise length matching is required in order to keep signal integrity, especially at high transmission speeds.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Wf01dTwG2oG7ChxpSgUclIV2nE1\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Snaking: <\/strong>When length matching is required, snaking can be done. In this method, accurate matching is achieved with an increased length of the cable. But the size of the snake should be under control so that it may not affect signal quality.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MSI6dAZlcoQwLcxeS2wcsNz2nv3\">Besides, special <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>25\/14<\/strong><\/span><strong> hole design for <\/strong><strong>PCI-E<\/strong><strong> differential pairs<\/strong>, and the two holes <span style=\"color: #d83931;\"><strong>must be symmetrically designed<\/strong><\/span>. This really helps to reduce distortion and reflection in the signals significantly.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4274681 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4274681\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f94da96\" data-id=\"f94da96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c683def elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c683def\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Step 2: Ground Level Design<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90e8208 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90e8208\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f4f6f4\" data-id=\"1f4f6f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a47628 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a47628\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TGxVdej6moBLe6xatM0ccRqcnSg\">While designing the ground plane for a PCB&#8217;s PCI interface, several design factors should be considered by the designer, which may include but are not limited to the following:<\/div><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TkiwdLH9woG6RSxeZEAcx4wynJc\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Signal integrity<\/strong><\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NPw9dd3KtoH7vlxsQFUckZtrnOe\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Power distribution<\/strong><\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-O8sfd1BusoJVPYxiNvNc0Ehynpd\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Thermal management<\/strong><\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QIZ5d0D2KovK6axlCjmc3sExnVb\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>EMI<\/strong><strong> protection<\/strong><\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UDiddJ9gVoFGmfxEuiRcmFLenqe\">In the area of the PCI interface, it should be considered to arrange <strong>as much ground <\/strong><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/pcb-via-a-complete-guide\/\" data-lark-is-custom=\"true\">via<\/a><\/strong><strong>s as possible<\/strong>. It is usually recommended that a few places in the BGA area add the ground via, and the differential signals are processed to wrap the ground.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-AXwDdTeMLoKB2yxiAaWcF3Ymndh\">The spacing of the ground holes should <strong>be less than <\/strong><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>300 mil<\/strong><\/span>. These ground vias not only help in forming effective shielding but also significantly improve the quality of the signal.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d16fd2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d16fd2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3294148\" data-id=\"3294148\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8422aec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8422aec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Specific Design Case<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b193f74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b193f74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b619ca\" data-id=\"5b619ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c660d30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c660d30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Y56Td5neXoUtijxSxP3cUgEJn2f\"><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Y56Td5neXoUtijxSxP3cUgEJn2f\">The following data are only approximate references, and the actual design should be based on <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>strict electrical specifications and testing requirements<\/strong><\/span> to determine the exact parameters.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZmFrde5RkoUXk6xSFIFceMegnzg\">Below is a brief list, for more specific details, <em><strong>please consult <\/strong><\/em><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/\" data-lark-is-custom=\"true\">ELE<\/a><\/strong><\/em><em><strong>&#8216;s team of professional engineers.<\/strong><\/em><em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/pcb-layout-design-process-and-guidelines\/\" data-lark-is-custom=\"true\">&lt;Check This&gt;<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-269ea92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"269ea92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f3a9fd4\" data-id=\"f3a9fd4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed5ac7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"eed5ac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-square-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"far fa-caret-square-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Table 4: Checklist of PCI-E Design Specifications<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\"><table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"365\" \/><col width=\"380\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: left;\">Parameters<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: left;\">PCI-E 5.0(For Reference Only)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Trace impedance<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">85 &#8211; 100 \u03a9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Maximum delay difference within differential pair<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">\uff1c0.1 ps\/mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Equal &#8211; length requirements between differential pairs<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">\uff1c5 mil (approx.0.127 mm)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Trace length<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">Determined according to specific design<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Capacitance requirements<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">Determined according to specific design<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Spacing between differential pairs<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">8-10 mil (approx. 0.2 &#8211; 0,254 mm)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Maximum delay difference within differential pair (RefCLK)<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">\uff1c0.005 ps\/mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Trace impedance (RefCLK)<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">90 &#8211; 95 \u03a9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">Spacing between PCL &#8211; E and other signals<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">At least 15 mil (approx. 0.381 mm)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: left;\">The number of vias allowed for each signal<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">A maximun of 3 per differential pair<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-633a9d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"633a9d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a92ad6e\" data-id=\"a92ad6e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-644dfa7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"644dfa7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Pay attention to signal and power integrity<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e0e0832 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e0e0832\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-85c1533\" data-id=\"85c1533\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-964c956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"964c956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>I. Signal Integrity<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6912a8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6912a8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fe847e0\" data-id=\"fe847e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6771a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6771a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><ol class=\"list-number1\" start=\"1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QALzdIPlRofvkTxerJQcPFg0n8d\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"number\"><div><strong>Impedance Matching<\/strong><\/div><ul><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZixWdMpKqok7gfxmtJ6cNq5zn8V\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>For high-speed PCI interfaces, the impedance is usually <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">50\u03a9<\/span>. The line width tolerance needs to be controlled within<span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> 5 &#8211; 10%<\/span>.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ru0FddJgsovqRQxi5uVcZWmxnhg\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"number\"><div><strong>Crosstalk Control<\/strong><\/div><ul><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BrzSdR89losgpUxbwwVcGiyjnFe\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Spacing Rule<\/strong>: The signal line spacing follows the \u201c<span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">5W rule<\/span>\u201d (the spacing is <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">5 times <\/span>the line width).<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Hz0DdWDPPoNeIixTYOicLc2WnJb\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Utilize differential pairs: <\/strong>Differential pair signal lines have natural crosstalk cancellation properties and are especially suitable for high-speed signal transmission.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZBmYdluWWoUQmlxUgPBcl8uGnRg\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Layer Structure<\/strong>: Placing the signal layer <strong>between the power and ground layers<\/strong> can reduce crosstalk.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-JJtLdPNCnoBr0Ex5kNtcmOvlnJe\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"number\"><div><strong>Other Points<\/strong><\/div><ul><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ss8OdHVc8oSqFlxtkbhc0JxQnPg\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Keeping the signal line <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">close<\/span> to the reference plane can improve signal quality.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NTFKd2c5QocLskxWeBucrTGSn6e\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>The length difference of differential pairs is usually controlled within <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">5 mils<\/span>.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CC7wdhofMorzcXxaoPTcfGTwndd\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Special <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">25\/14 via design<\/span> and symmetrical placement can reduce signal distortion and reflection.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0335f92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0335f92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e930a04\" data-id=\"e930a04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b65b92b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b65b92b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>II. Power Integrity<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-494ecda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"494ecda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71fa883\" data-id=\"71fa883\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-478f70f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"478f70f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol><li><strong>Decoupling Capacitor<\/strong><strong> Placement<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><ol class=\"list-number1\" start=\"1\"><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ETF8dpUAzoWc5exIdiBcljminNz\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>A <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">0.1\u03bcF<\/span> high frequency decoupling capacitor is placed near the power pins (VCC18GND, VCC33GND) of the PCIe chip.<span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> The closer, the better<\/span> it is to <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">reduce<\/span> the high frequency<span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> noise <\/span>of the power supply.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-K13XdF4hfoeMi8xYPs7c90hFnQh\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"number\"><div><strong>Power Plane Design<\/strong><\/div><ul><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MxWNdvHxaooWOkxbbnoc6xbWnae\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Number of Layers<\/strong>: Typical PCIe boards use a<span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> 4 or 6 layer stack<\/span> (two layers for signals and two layers for power).<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-UrOPd3Hhxo3w5NxcHf0cyoThnfb\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Bias<\/strong>: Set the power layer bias according to device requirements. Alternating signal and power layers <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">can reduce crosstalk and EMI<\/span>.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-OrLOdzD1UoseyGxWUilcroUcnqb\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"number\"><div><strong>Via Design<\/strong><\/div><ul><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-VqwndmLJ6oP5SQxcl5zcWzc6n9d\" style=\"text-align: left;\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Use<span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> large vias, double vias, and dual-circuit<\/span> power supplies to reduce voltage drop and improve stability.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1469316 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1469316\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bbab8c1\" data-id=\"bbab8c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f68d238 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f68d238\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>PCI &amp; PCIe Applications<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3ea16ab4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3ea16ab4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-630e8a8d\" data-id=\"630e8a8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32aea962 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"32aea962\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>PCB Server Motherboard<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cc92ec1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5cc92ec1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"ZZj9dIGqOovHdqxH9pncjp4jn8f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div><div data-page-id=\"ZZj9dIGqOovHdqxH9pncjp4jn8f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h4>High Integration Density<\/h4><ul><li data-list=\"bullet\">Server motherboards require <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">several <\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">PCIe<\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> slots<\/span> for the expansion of different devices.<\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><h4>Redundancy and Reliability<\/h4><ul><li data-list=\"bullet\">Supporting hot-swap during operation<\/li><li data-list=\"bullet\">Using error detection &amp; correction<\/li><li data-list=\"bullet\">Employing redundant configuration, such as <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">dual power.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/div><h4>Support PCIe 4.0+<\/h4><ul><li data-list=\"bullet\">To overcome the problem of signal attenuation and noise.<\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><h4>Thermal Management<\/h4><ul><li data-list=\"bullet\"><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">Good <\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">thermal design<\/span> for stability with high-performance PCIe devices like a GPU.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ab47e3c\" data-id=\"ab47e3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1250cc6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1250cc6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>PCB Industrial Control Board<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24acf093 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24acf093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"ZZj9dIGqOovHdqxH9pncjp4jn8f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div><div data-page-id=\"ZZj9dIGqOovHdqxH9pncjp4jn8f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h4>Anti-interference Design<\/h4><ul><li data-list=\"bullet\">High-density shielded connectors avoid interference.<\/li><li data-list=\"bullet\">Vertical insertion of the adapter card contributes to good ventilation, lowering interference.<\/li><li data-list=\"bullet\">Anti-jamming on data acquisition cards improved with<span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> 5000 V <\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">rms<\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> isolation<\/span>.<\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><h4>Reliability Design<\/h4><ul><li data-list=\"bullet\"><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">Low-power CPUs<\/span>, such as Pentium MMX-266, with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/heat-sink-on-pcb\/\" data-lark-is-custom=\"true\">heat sink<\/a> for high-temp resistance.<\/li><li data-list=\"bullet\">DiskOnChip electronic disk for anti-vibration.<\/li><li data-list=\"bullet\">Hot swap, redundant power for high availability.<\/li><li data-list=\"bullet\">Hot swappable adapter cards for easy maintenance.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f74c617 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6f74c617\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/pcb-heatsink-design-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-14564\" alt=\"pcb heatsink design\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/pcb-heatsink-design-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/pcb-heatsink-design-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/pcb-heatsink-design-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/pcb-heatsink-design.png 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">fig.1 pcb heatsink design<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e060b87\" data-id=\"6e060b87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-500d0184 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"500d0184\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>PCB Embedded System Board<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-158c56a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"158c56a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"ZZj9dIGqOovHdqxH9pncjp4jn8f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div><div data-page-id=\"ZZj9dIGqOovHdqxH9pncjp4jn8f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div><div data-page-id=\"ZZj9dIGqOovHdqxH9pncjp4jn8f\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h4>Simplified PCI Protocol<\/h4><ul><li data-list=\"bullet\">Implement simplified protocol stack in FPGA<\/li><li data-list=\"bullet\">For example, basic bus commands.<\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><h4>State Machine Optimisation<\/h4><ul><li data-list=\"bullet\">Simplification of state machines for better use of resources and faster response.<\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><h4>Power Consumption Optimization<\/h4><ul><li data-list=\"bullet\">Use intelligent power management<\/li><li data-list=\"bullet\">For example, idle (low-power) states-for extending the battery life.<\/li><\/ul><div>\u00a0<\/div><h4>Modularity:<\/h4><ul><li data-list=\"bullet\">Divide the PCI interface into separate modules.<\/li><li data-list=\"bullet\">For instance, address decoders.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eaa03c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eaa03c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-392a64c\" data-id=\"392a64c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5002c92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5002c92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-43272a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"43272a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-54a6566\" data-id=\"54a6566\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7d61cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d7d61cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Performance Metrics You May Care About<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dd81796 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dd81796\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6a97bfa\" data-id=\"6a97bfa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6574e14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6574e14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-R8FCdvUs8o872Lx4yvHc0tHanbc\">In the PCI interface PCB design, customers are most concerned about the performance indicators mainly include <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>bandwidth<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>, latency and power consumption; <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>compatibility<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"><strong>, service life, cost <\/strong><\/span>is also an important indicator<span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">.<\/span><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7d8fbac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7d8fbac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a533bf4\" data-id=\"a533bf4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d19ef4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1d19ef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Bandwidth<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7b1c2cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7b1c2cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-269c128\" data-id=\"269c128\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfbbc41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfbbc41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Qm9BdzUEao95CbxWmFpcrWisnFe\">Bandwidth is the basic measure of the transfer capability of a PCI interface. However, in real-world applications, there are various factors that effective bandwidth always makes compromise.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Qm9BdzUEao95CbxWmFpcrWisnFe\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CrW5domPNorDhOxwQZzc1dxRnzb\">For example, assuming the overhead of <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">8b\/10b encoding<\/span>, the actual effective bandwidth in a system working on PCIe 3.0 is about <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">80% <\/span>of the original bandwidth.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CrW5domPNorDhOxwQZzc1dxRnzb\">\u00a0<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XNS7dArWIo0IW7xTb6xcW1IYnMh\">Besides, there are <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">TLP<\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> Overhead, Ack\/Nak mechanisms, and Flow Control<\/span> that may affect the actual effective bandwidth.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-416a55a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"416a55a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-62469a3e\" data-id=\"62469a3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19b429bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"19b429bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4311\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4311\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-square-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"far fa-caret-square-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Table 5: The Bandwidth of Different PCIe version<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4311\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4311\"><table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;\"><colgroup><col width=\"291\" \/><col width=\"303\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">Version<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">Bandwidth<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCIe 3.0<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">8 GT\/s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCIe 4.0<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">16 GT\/s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">PCIe 5.0<\/td><td style=\"white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; border-image: initial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #fff5e9; color: #15205e; text-align: center;\">32 GT\/s<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-44ff1a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"44ff1a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-07347a9\" data-id=\"07347a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79025ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"79025ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Latency<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2cfc5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2cfc5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df79ac2\" data-id=\"df79ac2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a267c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a267c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-X9yDdagobon72sxvuv0cEy3xnVh\">New features introduced-like the <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">PAM-4 multilevel channel technology<\/span> of PCIe 5.0-while increasing bandwidth, unfortunately <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">also introduce other signal integrity challenges<\/span> capable of increased latency creation.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5050252 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5050252\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4405160\" data-id=\"4405160\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab670d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab670d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Power Consumption<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c8df247 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c8df247\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c4ff19b\" data-id=\"c4ff19b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cc600a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5cc600a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-X9yDdagobon72sxvuv0cEy3xnVh\"><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-F53qdfXSFoxLjFxIGsqcokrhnKf\" data-list=\"bullet\">The other factor that is not negligible in designing the PCI interfaces, <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">in particular for mobile devices and for <\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">embedded<\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> systems<\/span>, is power consumption.<\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MoNUdUN0MoZEkXxscvNc10UQnId\" data-list=\"bullet\">On this second aspect, the <strong>PCIe<\/strong><strong> 6.0<\/strong> standard improves a lot by using <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">new, advanced power states<\/span> such as L0p that dynamically adjusts power consumption according to bandwidth requirements.<\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CsI4d6uSmoL3Rfx17cQcv0Ianyg\" data-list=\"bullet\">Besides these three key metrics, other performance parameters that customers may care about include <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">IOPS, queue depth and error rates<\/span>.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b30c0a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b30c0a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cae9dd5\" data-id=\"cae9dd5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2cd098a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2cd098a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Compatibility<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f448f4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f448f4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f48b411\" data-id=\"f48b411\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f6f655 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2f6f655\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span data-lark-record-data=\"{&quot;isCut&quot;:false,&quot;rootId&quot;:&quot;RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K&quot;,&quot;parentId&quot;:&quot;RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K&quot;,&quot;blockIds&quot;:[538,537],&quot;recordIds&quot;:[&quot;Qy6Sdowr4o62GmxJuAVcf3K5ngf&quot;,&quot;NWbjdFwx6o9G1LxovkycEU54nUg&quot;],&quot;recordMap&quot;:{&quot;NWbjdFwx6o9G1LxovkycEU54nUg&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;NWbjdFwx6o9G1LxovkycEU54nUg&quot;,&quot;snapshot&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;bullet&quot;,&quot;children&quot;:[],&quot;comments&quot;:[],&quot;revisions&quot;:[],&quot;author&quot;:&quot;7423575385186172931&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;initialAttributedTexts&quot;:{&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:&quot;PCIe x16 slots can support smaller-form-factor PCIe cards like PCIe x8, PCIe x4, and PCIe x1.&quot;},&quot;attribs&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:&quot;*0+1r*0*1+t*0+1&quot;}},&quot;apool&quot;:{&quot;numToAttrib&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:[&quot;author&quot;,&quot;7423575385186172931&quot;],&quot;1&quot;:[&quot;textHighlight&quot;,&quot;rgb(46,161,33)&quot;]},&quot;nextNum&quot;:2}},&quot;level&quot;:1,&quot;folded&quot;:false,&quot;parent_id&quot;:&quot;RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K&quot;}},&quot;Qy6Sdowr4o62GmxJuAVcf3K5ngf&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;Qy6Sdowr4o62GmxJuAVcf3K5ngf&quot;,&quot;snapshot&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;heading4&quot;,&quot;children&quot;:[],&quot;comments&quot;:[],&quot;revisions&quot;:[],&quot;author&quot;:&quot;7423575385186172931&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;initialAttributedTexts&quot;:{&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:&quot;Slot Compatibility&quot;},&quot;attribs&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:&quot;*0*1+i&quot;}},&quot;apool&quot;:{&quot;numToAttrib&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:[&quot;author&quot;,&quot;7423575385186172931&quot;],&quot;1&quot;:[&quot;bold&quot;,&quot;true&quot;]},&quot;nextNum&quot;:2}},&quot;folded&quot;:false,&quot;parent_id&quot;:&quot;RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K&quot;}},&quot;RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K&quot;,&quot;snapshot&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;page&quot;,&quot;parent_id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;comments&quot;:[],&quot;revisions&quot;:[],&quot;locked&quot;:false,&quot;hidden&quot;:false,&quot;author&quot;:&quot;7423575385186172931&quot;,&quot;children&quot;:[&quot;doxcnU7QpFrFUvR1bXR1oaPIJPe&quot;,&quot;doxcn6hokPVw1Miov7t7d9ADFnC&quot;,&quot;doxcnkcqPO2tACG9H3qVVR1Ey2d&quot;,&quot;doxcnrDdBrcUfF00R7cs50ZyLEc&quot;,&quot;RrLbdNMxMovN4sxfcRScWbznnud&quot;,&quot;UQ6GdcFp9oz8kyxcSxzckXH3nN4&quot;,&quot;Cc7rdDkmAoTsjQxgxFgcHVMHnFt&quot;,&quot;UABDdJ3gOo8HgsxcpLwcdpCgnYc&quot;,&quot;G8Xsd4hppoWPpAx3uNtc3CLsnlb&quot;,&quot;VC94dEZjToIEo0xBxAPcCSYsnFh&quot;,&quot;NUUXdqoBbocB4bxtYzccrS4in1c&quot;,&quot;TfQXdVOjRolYrOx5ktJcvC7sn0b&quot;,&quot;JnqQdLVAtoYg1Vx1xO5cUWEencc&quot;,&quot;QZLWdZSXOoDONUx9PlkcrFFVndg&quot;,&quot;doxcn9n4p0wXEtmnFnOaTpc9DDd&quot;,&quot;doxcnzcXILqjLYFffqn6J8yhksd&quot;,&quot;Khg5dDxFMoYgUsxkILgcuwECnZd&quot;,&quot;doxcnbKLw5LsAa8NyqdzJCflbff&quot;,&quot;doxcn06ejw7HW2S6iEHV9ipqfZe&quot;,&quot;doxcnmvXsHoUUW3S6HBC9U0nIKK&quot;,&quot;VDEOdBsoIoJ5HPx8ukLcCC3lnPX&quot;,&quot;PlerdPeoRofUkrx84bGc8xt9nie&quot;,&quot;VyzEdcSQloOVu2xNr5wcu5YAnSc&quot;,&quot;M71RdAtreoL83pxyE9rcYDMGncf&quot;,&quot;doxcnSCX7NC156fGZOv5xpXCfZc&quot;,&quot;OXLydDliMoFpeqxrBWvcwkQ6nmf&quot;,&quot;PPIldaMpSoP4lmxa4eXcN9MPnwc&quot;,&quot;W3gWdRQlDowbE0xLGrZcW7kvnAc&quot;,&quot;ZBqCd21FXoXDPtxJfegcPRywnue&quot;,&quot;M2Fed5hbIoh5tQxaWcScJfNTn9d&quot;,&quot;LTtBdrJBcoQVU2xIQCXcoFq7nfd&quot;,&quot;T6RFdpsq2otSTLxzfZ7cwNcknph&quot;,&quot;LuWNdAcNvoYb4YxyKfQcCPspnzh&quot;,&quot;HfApdCkRNoETMWxHfnVcAeB5nf2&quot;,&quot;RTL8dx2k9o6Ps8xzWENcbsbgnth&quot;,&quot;RXEndnjJpodlboxdqiVc6XM5nyb&quot;,&quot;QKSxdEdApoIDMMxC78Qcnd21ngZ&quot;,&quot;HFVEd1Zqlow0QaxuAWTcZTGAnPd&quot;,&quot;XYlidO85uojfvsxFzshcaJEynxe&quot;,&quot;Bcx4dHxb1o50t5xLkNZcBRMnnZc&quot;,&quot;WMWXdqg8oofcqTxAIAfcrIbxnNc&quot;,&quot;NX5TdATX3oWt25xGHhUcj2yWn3g&quot;,&quot;Kys1dvkeroSYWFx0RZhcvagznRb&quot;,&quot;Jl7OdtYBvoTOK9xWDU9cZOoEneh&quot;,&quot;doxcnUYBA5N6Bs4vE8oYifQgdEc&quot;,&quot;J4emdK5DHoEbzNx1kIfcAWJsnMc&quot;,&quot;NFt8ddau4oeyZsxhY9JcBIT7nYQ&quot;,&quot;Bl0xdd1x6otqcuxt0KfcmVZ4ndc&quot;,&quot;LEQhdnOsWoiAzgxqylbcXFAXnw7&quot;,&quot;TrN9d6AzYoHGtyxRLOocPtAhnob&quot;,&quot;SWkwdBTuZoRBpMxhiIvcJat2nqc&quot;,&quot;Fac2drLbboOjyrxaV16c0llCnzb&quot;,&quot;AsU7d4gVJobWzSxRLLvcm5lkn8e&quot;,&quot;DYMCdtTKWoRzXVxoiIhcsru0nYb&quot;,&quot;HbFWdxUeKoK1NLxs9dPcxXjGnCg&quot;,&quot;E2a3dHN5zovGGxxDsQ8cmTlon5d&quot;,&quot;D3dBdldvtonAbmxu1dcc7LAVnfc&quot;,&quot;LeLFdU0T8okCmhxbiswcahBknAd&quot;,&quot;XsyxdkBzBoov8FxCvYFcYi89nvh&quot;,&quot;NsVLdiNCCooOOAxLjNYcfZS1nZj&quot;,&quot;EQaDdchQIoHTF1xVW70c4VwnnRe&quot;,&quot;Obdxde4VOoyczXxFOmvcimM1nqC&quot;,&quot;AHV6dudwOofvX0x6CK0chL4Cn9c&quot;,&quot;RaqndUSy0oGDF1xaEqXcZ7Nwnyb&quot;,&quot;Wf01dTwG2oG7ChxpSgUclIV2nE1&quot;,&quot;MSI6dAZlcoQwLcxeS2wcsNz2nv3&quot;,&quot;PP11dJYNIoZWD2xDfjLcsq4Pn0d&quot;,&quot;RvKkdHo1Mo2XHIx2DwZc8CVwnjb&quot;,&quot;TGxVdej6moBLe6xatM0ccRqcnSg&quot;,&quot;TkiwdLH9woG6RSxeZEAcx4wynJc&quot;,&quot;NPw9dd3KtoH7vlxsQFUckZtrnOe&quot;,&quot;O8sfd1BusoJVPYxiNvNc0Ehynpd&quot;,&quot;QIZ5d0D2KovK6axlCjmc3sExnVb&quot;,&quot;UDiddJ9gVoFGmfxEuiRcmFLenqe&quot;,&quot;AXwDdTeMLoKB2yxiAaWcF3Ymndh&quot;,&quot;Lwz4dmnBSoCwXVxePPOcitd4n5d&quot;,&quot;HZRIdWsemoTMEUxA1BXcfVj9nqY&quot;,&quot;Y56Td5neXoUtijxSxP3cUgEJn2f&quot;,&quot;ZmFrde5RkoUXk6xSFIFceMegnzg&quot;,&quot;FJYHdHjwpotyjaxRwiscBqKanrM&quot;,&quot;AFeJdVWFYo9tNmxJf3XcJpyYnmc&quot;,&quot;RDKwdPYuIoFfnaxZumTc42g3nhI&quot;,&quot;H8kAdN2s9oSZzcx8PCecUky7nCb&quot;,&quot;QALzdIPlRofvkTxerJQcPFg0n8d&quot;,&quot;Ru0FddJgsovqRQxi5uVcZWmxnhg&quot;,&quot;JJtLdPNCnoBr0Ex5kNtcmOvlnJe&quot;,&quot;U4cfdcFXkowwdTxekGacw5Mmnm2&quot;,&quot;IIZFdAyIroHgdFxEe2IcnbeLn7d&quot;,&quot;K13XdF4hfoeMi8xYPs7c90hFnQh&quot;,&quot;OrLOdzD1UoseyGxWUilcroUcnqb&quot;,&quot;S4YudlZNgogtz7xfW6scB3USnSe&quot;,&quot;TxtQdY2Ufo4yhkxMOoxcNJL0nDg&quot;,&quot;SKKRdi1HloFNU3xZ8CGcbrzTnGg&quot;,&quot;B76odT8RwoLt5HxY6g1cYiGin5g&quot;,&quot;IgvNd95OooO4Y7xSfLmcG4vSnjf&quot;,&quot;LXmsd1AzZofSZpxBIBzcELuqntd&quot;,&quot;KEq0dHJoLoQo6ex8Xqfci8ZGn2g&quot;,&quot;BuBhd22M6oHqNfxW3zUcZKK6nFe&quot;,&quot;VXvfd0CcEoXoTcxT0sUc3fnPnLe&quot;,&quot;VTG4dVx50ofHkfxqIqjc6HtanR6&quot;,&quot;EbTMdAYiNo2rYbx3UBKc64KsnHX&quot;,&quot;QqCOdu1L3ohwKIxCYowc1lNVnyc&quot;,&quot;SEIpdSRd6oRQmjxeXtmcRfUdnig&quot;,&quot;X28bdO0rxoxKlmxqNrccUSI4nRg&quot;,&quot;WZgZdHvq3oPXbDxTzx2cvV0Jnne&quot;,&quot;S4P3dIQtNoFKj4xXD0ecr7I4nfc&quot;,&quot;KgRkdXKprow7Lfx8ZsEcdS8Kntg&quot;,&quot;S6w5d18ELoOdDyxFuTMcz2XqnEh&quot;,&quot;KMVDdZu3FoTxPzx4mTRciay9nWe&quot;,&quot;Vc9XdIZpRoL3pSxKw0TcKQT0n0d&quot;,&quot;I1Rpd2yD6otHY1xFX8BcQ3q1nQg&quot;,&quot;GIlwdHi0DofimaxTfpncYMCGnpb&quot;,&quot;ZDOcdAK3gotYpFxaIUEc4Qy4nAe&quot;,&quot;U1wpdewtponhQexIPhNcWV7Mn6b&quot;,&quot;QoiTdGa6box1xqxaoP5cjmbEnOb&quot;,&quot;VIyTdFBjIoGJh5xhl2XcCnZLnfK&quot;,&quot;SJN3d9RFroj6mwxzgi5ceO8qnug&quot;,&quot;SxtVdvyCzoShFAx83AucqvEmnDh&quot;,&quot;ZfShdyNjToAeqLx5MLCcoqJKnTB&quot;,&quot;XTf4dOlYCoPb0ExmTnYcIPycnth&quot;,&quot;XMQ1d93lvoE0Z5xenCoc38ennQd&quot;,&quot;BXoxdABLUopgicxVHAjcuaoBnBc&quot;,&quot;Q6PVd24vDoznhmxPnZVcH8jBnNe&quot;,&quot;RrZbdIJqUoa6Msxzjrbce1HqnZf&quot;,&quot;KFchdTUeAoHljNxLhMgcULY4nPd&quot;,&quot;R8FCdvUs8o872Lx4yvHc0tHanbc&quot;,&quot;PLAWdSmMIo3NlHxiGcXclalVnDb&quot;,&quot;Qm9BdzUEao95CbxWmFpcrWisnFe&quot;,&quot;CrW5domPNorDhOxwQZzc1dxRnzb&quot;,&quot;XNS7dArWIo0IW7xTb6xcW1IYnMh&quot;,&quot;F94RdvTiyoOpoqxfFp3czYqTngc&quot;,&quot;I4LSdPJfFo6CYYxe4I1cNWa0nJg&quot;,&quot;Jq8PdmPLyosYqTxIFi8cRxesnWh&quot;,&quot;I3OHdkK58oQiPkxb4khcnTAjnjh&quot;,&quot;X9yDdagobon72sxvuv0cEy3xnVh&quot;,&quot;HzATdPkpQo2VoFxGPKJcD4dnnwf&quot;,&quot;F53qdfXSFoxLjFxIGsqcokrhnKf&quot;,&quot;MoNUdUN0MoZEkXxscvNc10UQnId&quot;,&quot;CsI4d6uSmoL3Rfx17cQcv0Ianyg&quot;,&quot;XXZWdR8bAoa30bx6t25c241Unfh&quot;,&quot;Qy6Sdowr4o62GmxJuAVcf3K5ngf&quot;,&quot;NWbjdFwx6o9G1LxovkycEU54nUg&quot;,&quot;LwYndpdeyoARgPxa4zjcq7w9nKg&quot;,&quot;A2Vrd4AiQomHGnxfhjQciTVBnfg&quot;,&quot;N0YCdn8qaoqAkpxu5jtcbZ7KnHf&quot;,&quot;DUtFdIxFioa3KcxULjacyB0anph&quot;,&quot;ToO4dSfIkoONYwxlJePcBemungb&quot;,&quot;WfpCdmePDoaWxOxfN3qc59acnPf&quot;,&quot;MlJ7dt7azotdPExfAdTch5uJnaf&quot;,&quot;RCWPdvv65oiOA1xIV9AcUCW3n6g&quot;,&quot;EfZQdpMKDolncBxZ11icq4YRnqb&quot;,&quot;SRSndSrCSoMWFYx5RYCc9CX3nMd&quot;,&quot;CDvyd1YOToIzXxxiWjocKV7onzg&quot;,&quot;UoMOd4PJ1oHZT6xGB58c1UqZnJe&quot;,&quot;WuNldx3esomkbox4Y0rcsMFanHe&quot;,&quot;L6oUdxhofoz3Wjx8WMZc8AlInyg&quot;,&quot;Czc9dcdoKovLHWxH7CGcPo89ngf&quot;,&quot;KEUKdJ9CuoQGjyxnqOmcIzYRnzh&quot;,&quot;EAo0dPIfOoREyfxRYuMcOGjenbb&quot;,&quot;XrDYdugOgoicT8xGmr5cvkI5nhb&quot;,&quot;L59PdKNNVoOH20xYVm8c8HQmnjc&quot;,&quot;B9iOdQePtoqmrCx6FLCcGw3lnab&quot;,&quot;UZdgdprQKoKvODxIq2dcfmXHnff&quot;,&quot;NSlMdzbhcoeWIaxgJoGcB8Zpnwf&quot;,&quot;Opn7dzRGhohqsRxn9myc5OR6nzg&quot;,&quot;doxcndjv8CkSJ1cewAG0cBS7uof&quot;,&quot;doxcnH5i2SL670VjxsYnCeUQvbb&quot;,&quot;X9d4d6KG5oF3RmxOcnicZRHynBg&quot;],&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;apool&quot;:{&quot;nextNum&quot;:1,&quot;numToAttrib&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:[&quot;author&quot;,&quot;7423575385186172931&quot;]}},&quot;initialAttributedTexts&quot;:{&quot;attribs&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:&quot;*0+12&quot;},&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:&quot;PCI &amp; PCIe in PCB Layout Design-ELEPCB&quot;}}},&quot;align&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;doc_info&quot;:{&quot;editors&quot;:[&quot;7423575385186172931&quot;],&quot;options&quot;:[&quot;editors&quot;,&quot;edit_time&quot;],&quot;deleted_editors&quot;:[],&quot;option_modified&quot;:null}}}},&quot;payloadMap&quot;:{},&quot;extra&quot;:{&quot;channel&quot;:&quot;saas&quot;,&quot;pasteRandomId&quot;:&quot;f14de7b3-9f41-4768-b806-588fc8d32f98&quot;,&quot;mention_page_title&quot;:{},&quot;external_mention_url&quot;:{}},&quot;isKeepQuoteContainer&quot;:false,&quot;selection&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:538,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;selection&quot;:{&quot;start&quot;:0,&quot;end&quot;:18},&quot;recordId&quot;:&quot;Qy6Sdowr4o62GmxJuAVcf3K5ngf&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:537,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;selection&quot;:{&quot;start&quot;:0,&quot;end&quot;:93},&quot;recordId&quot;:&quot;NWbjdFwx6o9G1LxovkycEU54nUg&quot;}],&quot;pasteFlag&quot;:&quot;300b8b9a-0443-4c44-a89d-9cfede2bf115&quot;}\" data-lark-record-format=\"docx\/record\" class=\"lark-record-clipboard\"><\/span><\/p><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h4 class=\"heading-4 ace-line old-record-id-Qy6Sdowr4o62GmxJuAVcf3K5ngf\"><strong>Slot <\/strong><strong>Compatibility<\/strong><\/h4><ul start=\"1\" class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NWbjdFwx6o9G1LxovkycEU54nUg\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>PCIe x16 slots can support smaller-form-factor PCIe cards like <span style=\"color:rgb(46,161,33)\">PCIe x8, PCIe x4, and PCIe x1<\/span>.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cf1d277\" data-id=\"cf1d277\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4665bf1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4665bf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h4 class=\"heading-4 ace-line old-record-id-LwYndpdeyoARgPxa4zjcq7w9nKg\"><strong>Protocol\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Compatibility<\/strong><\/h4><\/div><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-A2Vrd4AiQomHGnxfhjQciTVBnfg\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Newer PCIe protocol versions come with new features while<span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> still being backward compatible with earlier generations<\/span>.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5bf3cd9\" data-id=\"5bf3cd9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88e9fc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88e9fc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h4><strong>Power Compatibility<\/strong><\/h4><div><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-DUtFdIxFioa3KcxULjacyB0anph\" data-list=\"bullet\">Newer PCIe slots<span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> are able to supply appropriate power to older-generation<\/span> PCIe cards.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-335400f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"335400f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7aa60a\" data-id=\"a7aa60a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5bcbad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f5bcbad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Compatibility Limitations<\/b><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-10a391b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"10a391b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-adb50a9\" data-id=\"adb50a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac24f7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac24f7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><p class=\"heading-5 ace-line old-record-id-WfpCdmePDoaWxOxfN3qc59acnPf\"><strong>Power Management Challenges<\/strong><\/p><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MlJ7dt7azotdPExfAdTch5uJnaf\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>High-performance <span style=\"color: #2ea121;\">PCIe<\/span><span style=\"color: #2ea121;\"> 4.0 or 5.0 devices<\/span> may require enhanced power management systems, which could be impossible on older platforms.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-192b65b\" data-id=\"192b65b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd8bad4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd8bad4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Feature Implementation<\/strong><\/p><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><ul><li data-list=\"bullet\"><div>As the PCIe standard has evolved, some of the newer features, such as the L0s low-power state in PCIe 4.0, <span style=\"color: #d83931;\">are not implemented on older devices<\/span>, thus impacting the overall energy efficiency of the system.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-39f2f97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"39f2f97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-291659e\" data-id=\"291659e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0ce11c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f0ce11c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Reliability and Lifespan<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a506882 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a506882\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72f8372\" data-id=\"72f8372\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f693ab7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f693ab7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CDvyd1YOToIzXxxiWjocKV7onzg\">To ensure the long-term reliability of your PCI interface, you need to look at a number of areas, including <strong>material selection, thermal management, signal integrity<\/strong>, and more.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-96d145b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"96d145b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d9949fe\" data-id=\"d9949fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e3fd82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e3fd82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Cost<\/b><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cf41abe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cf41abe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-289dc03\" data-id=\"289dc03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d05da66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d05da66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CDvyd1YOToIzXxxiWjocKV7onzg\"><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-WuNldx3esomkbox4Y0rcsMFanHe\"><strong>There are a number of factors that can affect the cost of manufacturing a <\/strong><strong>PCI<\/strong><strong>, and I&#8217;ll show some of them briefly here:<\/strong><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-976dae4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"976dae4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-76ecd10\" data-id=\"76ecd10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af46731 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"af46731\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"328\" src=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Factors-that-can-affect-the-cost-of-manufacturing-a-PCI-1024x420.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-14793\" alt=\"factors-can-affect-the-cost-of-manufacturing-a-PCI\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Factors-that-can-affect-the-cost-of-manufacturing-a-PCI-1024x420.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Factors-that-can-affect-the-cost-of-manufacturing-a-PCI-300x123.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Factors-that-can-affect-the-cost-of-manufacturing-a-PCI-768x315.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Factors-that-can-affect-the-cost-of-manufacturing-a-PCI-1536x630.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Factors-that-can-affect-the-cost-of-manufacturing-a-PCI.jpg 1624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b542545 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b542545\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-58ffff1\" data-id=\"58ffff1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c01d9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2c01d9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a8ae9ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a8ae9ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a3546a0\" data-id=\"a3546a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0735a98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0735a98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\">\n<div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NSlMdzbhcoeWIaxgJoGcB8Zpnwf\"><div data-page-id=\"RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NSlMdzbhcoeWIaxgJoGcB8Zpnwf\">PCI in a PCB is complex yet an essential feature in <span style=\"color:rgb(143,149,158)\"><a data-lark-is-custom=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/pcb-manufacturing-process-and-services\/\">pcb manufacturing<\/a><\/span>. The conventional PCI or the PCIe evolved finds extensive usage in a PCB design. A well-laid-out PCI interface with due consideration to signal and power integrity is the basis for<span style=\"color:rgb(46,161,33)\"> superior performance<\/span>. The implementation of PCI varies in <span style=\"color:rgb(46,161,33)\">different types of PCBs<\/span>; hence, the designers must know the <span style=\"color:rgb(46,161,33)\">relevant performance metrics<\/span>. Proper PCI design stands at the basis of ensuring good data transfer and smooth functioning of various components in a system.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Opn7dzRGhohqsRxn9myc5OR6nzg\"><span style=\"color:rgb(46,161,33)\"><em><strong>Wanna know more? <\/strong><\/em><\/span><span style=\"color:rgb(143,149,158)\"><em><strong><a data-lark-is-custom=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/contact-us\/\">Contact<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/span><span style=\"color:rgb(46,161,33)\"><em><strong> <\/strong><\/em><\/span><span style=\"color:rgb(143,149,158)\"><em><strong><a data-lark-is-custom=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/\">ELEpcb<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/span><span style=\"color:rgb(46,161,33)\"><em><strong> and check out our <\/strong><\/em><\/span><span style=\"color:rgb(143,149,158)\"><em><strong><a data-lark-is-custom=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/pcb-quality-control\/\">quality control<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/span><span style=\"color:rgb(46,161,33)\"><em><strong> to move on.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/div><\/div><span data-lark-record-data=\"{&quot;isCut&quot;:false,&quot;rootId&quot;:&quot;RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K&quot;,&quot;parentId&quot;:&quot;RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K&quot;,&quot;blockIds&quot;:[542,541],&quot;recordIds&quot;:[&quot;NSlMdzbhcoeWIaxgJoGcB8Zpnwf&quot;,&quot;Opn7dzRGhohqsRxn9myc5OR6nzg&quot;],&quot;recordMap&quot;:{&quot;Opn7dzRGhohqsRxn9myc5OR6nzg&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;Opn7dzRGhohqsRxn9myc5OR6nzg&quot;,&quot;snapshot&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;children&quot;:[],&quot;comments&quot;:[],&quot;revisions&quot;:[],&quot;author&quot;:&quot;7423575385186172931&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;initialAttributedTexts&quot;:{&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:&quot;Wanna know more? Contact ELEpcb and check out our quality control to move on.&quot;},&quot;attribs&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:&quot;*0*1*2*3+h*0*1*2*4*5+7*0*1*2*3+1*0*1*2*6*5+6*0*1*2*3+j*0*1*2*7*5+f*0*1*2*3+c&quot;}},&quot;apool&quot;:{&quot;numToAttrib&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:[&quot;author&quot;,&quot;7423575385186172931&quot;],&quot;1&quot;:[&quot;bold&quot;,&quot;true&quot;],&quot;2&quot;:[&quot;italic&quot;,&quot;true&quot;],&quot;3&quot;:[&quot;textHighlight&quot;,&quot;rgb(46,161,33)&quot;],&quot;4&quot;:[&quot;link&quot;,&quot;https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elepcb.com%2Fcontact-us%2F&quot;],&quot;5&quot;:[&quot;textHighlight&quot;,&quot;rgb(143,149,158)&quot;],&quot;6&quot;:[&quot;link&quot;,&quot;https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elepcb.com%2F&quot;],&quot;7&quot;:[&quot;link&quot;,&quot;https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elepcb.com%2Fpcb-quality-control%2F&quot;]},&quot;nextNum&quot;:8}},&quot;folded&quot;:false,&quot;parent_id&quot;:&quot;RtoWdAjixoRAmlxWDSTcXGKZn2K&quot;}},&quot;NSlMdzbhcoeWIaxgJoGcB8Zpnwf&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;NSlMdzbhcoeWIaxgJoGcB8Zpnwf&quot;,&quot;snapshot&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;,&quot;children&quot;:[],&quot;comments&quot;:[],&quot;revisions&quot;:[],&quot;author&quot;:&quot;7423575385186172931&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;initialAttributedTexts&quot;:{&quot;text&quot;:{&quot;0&quot;:&quot;PCI in a PCB is complex yet an essential feature in pcb manufacturing. The conventional PCI or the PCIe evolved finds extensive usage in a PCB design. A well-laid-out PCI interface with due consideration to signal and power integrity is the basis for superior performance. The implementation of PCI varies in different types of PCBs; hence, the designers must know the relevant performance metrics. Proper PCI design stands at the basis of ensuring good data transfer and smooth functioning of various components in a 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4326577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4326577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/pcb-products\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-1-768x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-15778\" alt=\"pcb and pcba products 2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-1-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-1-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-1-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-225d5b79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"225d5b79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; line-height: 1.125em; font-size: 32px; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; color: #0a1f34;\">CONTACT US<\/p><div class=\"textwidget\"><div id=\"wpcf7-f5-p60-o1\" class=\"wpcf7\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en-US\" role=\"form\"><div class=\"screen-reader-response\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); border: 0px;\"><p style=\"font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.58em; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; padding: 25px 0px 15px; text-align: center; max-width: 846px;\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><form id=\"cf7-form-5\" class=\"wpcf7-form init cf7mls-no-scroll cf7mls-no-moving-animation\" style=\"position: relative; overflow: hidden;\" action=\"https:\/\/www.mclpcb.com\/capabilities\/#wpcf7-f5-p60-o1\" method=\"post\" novalidate=\"novalidate\" data-status=\"init\" data-fx-id=\"1587946425258918\"><div class=\"contact-inner\" style=\"max-width: 846px; margin: 0px auto;\"><p style=\"font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.58em; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; padding: 25px 0px 15px; text-align: center; max-width: 846px;\">We provide technical expertise form prototype through production, increasing speed to market by 20%.<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Contact us below to start discussing your project with our Technical Experts today.<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Whether you already have Gerber Files, submit a\u00a0Quick Quote\u00a0for free estimate.<\/p><\/div><\/form><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5782c747 elementor-button-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-form\" data-id=\"5782c747\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;step_next_label&quot;:&quot;Next&quot;,&quot;step_previous_label&quot;:&quot;Previous&quot;,&quot;button_width&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;step_type&quot;:&quot;number_text&quot;,&quot;step_icon_shape&quot;:&quot;circle&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"form.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form class=\"elementor-form\" method=\"post\" name=\"New Form\" aria-label=\"New Form\">\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post_id\" value=\"2056\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"form_id\" value=\"5782c747\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"referer_title\" value=\"An Ultimate 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Address\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"email\" name=\"form_fields[message]\" id=\"form-field-message\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-tel elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_373bda7 elementor-col-50\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_373bda7\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhone Number\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"tel\" name=\"form_fields[field_373bda7]\" id=\"form-field-field_373bda7\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" pattern=\"[0-9()#&amp;+*-=.]+\" title=\"Csak a sz\u00e1mok \u00e9s telefonkarakterek (#, -, * stb.) fogadhat\u00f3k el.\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-checkbox elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_c168eb1 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI am interested in (select all that apply)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-subgroup  elementor-subgroup-inline\"><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Rigid PCBs\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-0\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-0\">Rigid PCBs<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Flexible Printed Circuit Boards\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-1\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-1\">Flexible Printed Circuit Boards<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Flexible Aluminum PCBs\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-2\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-2\">Flexible Aluminum PCBs<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Flexible PCB Microcircuits\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-3\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-3\">Flexible PCB Microcircuits<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Ultra-Thin Flexible PCBs\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-4\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-4\">Ultra-Thin Flexible PCBs<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Rigid-Flex\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-5\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-5\">Rigid-Flex<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Ceramic Printed Circuit Boards\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-6\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-6\">Ceramic Printed Circuit Boards<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Aluminum Printed Circuit Boards\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-7\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-7\">Aluminum Printed Circuit Boards<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Copper Core\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-8\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-8\">Copper Core<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"IC Substrates &amp; Interposer\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-9\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-9\">IC Substrates & Interposer<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"High TG PCBs\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-10\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-10\">High TG PCBs<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Heavy Copper\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-11\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-11\">Heavy Copper<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"PCB Assembly\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-12\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-12\">PCB Assembly<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Components Sourcing\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-13\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-13\">Components Sourcing<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Other\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-14\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-14\">Other<\/label><\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-upload elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_2cea676 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_2cea676\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUpload Your Files (Optional)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"file\" name=\"form_fields[field_2cea676]\" id=\"form-field-field_2cea676\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-upload-field\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-textarea elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_9ceb2c8 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_9ceb2c8\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMessage\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<textarea class=\"elementor-field-textual elementor-field  elementor-size-sm\" name=\"form_fields[field_9ceb2c8]\" id=\"form-field-field_9ceb2c8\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-type-submit elementor-col-100 e-form__buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" type=\"submit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Submit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-123957a9\" data-id=\"123957a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fase 1: individuazione degli slot<br \/>\nIl layout fisico dell'interfaccia del PCI inizia con la localizzazione degli slot.<br \/>\nIdealmente, queste dovrebbero essere il pi\u00f9 vicino possibile alla posizione del controller del PCI sulla scheda madre per ridurre il percorso di trasmissione del segnale. Questa disposizione non solo riduce l'attenuazione del segnale, ma riduce anche il rischio di EMI.<br \/>\nIn pratica, a causa della limitazione dell'area e di altri requisiti di disposizione dei componenti, a volte \u00e8 difficile ottenere una situazione ideale, per cui il progettista deve disporli nel contesto.<br \/>\nGli elementi pi\u00f9 essenziali dell'interfaccia PCI sono le coppie differenziali di linee di segnale.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":14733,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[134,233],"class_list":["post-14702","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-pcb-design","tag-pcb-technique"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14702","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14702"}],"version-history":[{"count":137,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14702\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17599,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14702\/revisions\/17599"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14733"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14702"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14702"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14702"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}