{"id":22018,"date":"2026-06-03T14:15:25","date_gmt":"2026-06-03T06:15:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/?p=22018"},"modified":"2026-06-03T14:15:25","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T06:15:25","slug":"pcb-brown-oxide-vs-black-oxide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/blog\/pcb-brown-oxide-vs-black-oxide\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB Ossido marrone vs ossido nero: Quale trattamento dell'ossido \u00e8 migliore?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"22018\" class=\"elementor elementor-22018\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7982388 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7982388\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6656b60\" data-id=\"6656b60\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace1dd5 elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"ace1dd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Contents\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ace1dd5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__ace1dd5\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__ace1dd5\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<i class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-524c8df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"524c8df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnHNLxY0LEKG7iZBsv6jlGze\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn0PoSXS3pCtBKdbd2E69Vuc\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnUw75NA10394ha0C8USYGXb\">During the production of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/pcb-products\/multilayer-pcb\/\">multilayer PCBs<\/a>, the exposed surface of copper is prone to oxidation and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/pcb-corrosion-issues\/\">corrosion<\/a> when exposed to air and moisture. This can decrease the solderability, reduce the bond strength between the copper layers and prepreg during lamination, and impact the reliability of the PCB.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-HuJFdy2Lvom6x1xZai8c1g3CnL1\">To solve this, <strong>PCB<\/strong> <strong>oxide coating treatments<\/strong>\u2014specifically <strong>brown oxide and black oxide<\/strong>\u2014are applied to inner-layer copper conductors before lamination. Once the inner-layer circuits are created, these are used to provide adhesion, enhance lamination strength and build greater reliability in multi-layered PCBs.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7dfdef4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7dfdef4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-45da8f6\" data-id=\"45da8f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbdabb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"bbdabb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2be1b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2be1b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>What Is Brown Oxide Treatment? <\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-67c853a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"67c853a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a9a2874\" data-id=\"a9a2874\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8360bf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8360bf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnlHBYmd27i1ANXt8JuBJyRh\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Td2DdYTc9oGZU4xOsN4cDXosnvd\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnC5iDeMhwreAXZuYyZCVA7d\">Brown oxide is a mixture of <em>cuprous oxide (Cu\u2082O) <\/em>and c<em>upric oxide (CuO).<\/em> With brown oxide treatment, a uniform layer of fluff is formed on the copper surface of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/pcb-substrate-materials\/\">substrate,<\/a> which enhances the bonding force of the prepreg.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-125e043 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"125e043\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-88a7ccb\" data-id=\"88a7ccb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-237f4a4 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"237f4a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h3><strong>Brown Oxide Formation Process<\/strong><\/h3><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnrmolDJ19fzaD1Va9LRwVrb\">Brown oxide formation is the <span style=\"color: #008000;\">simplest and cost-effective<\/span> solution for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/pcb-surface-finish\/\">surface finishing<\/a>. The forming process of brown oxide includes:<\/div><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnj7uz0DMRPE7X1FHDjy8Hpb\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Surface cleaning:<\/strong> Initially, the copper surface of the PCB is cleaned to remove any oils, dirt or impurities.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn2YNVpV4dDhheCqtPkKVScn\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Alkaline bath:<\/strong> PCBs are dipped in the alkaline solution of sodium chlorite.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcniLvmhkZO0m92gnzbpOClMg\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Oxide layer formation:<\/strong> A brown-colored oxide layer is formed when the solution reacts with the exposed copper of the PCB under controlled conditions.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnPbTXjSgDsQ2sqRxrkRyDLg\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Rinse and prepare:<\/strong> Finally, PCBs are cleaned and then sent for the assembly process.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e53abe\" data-id=\"6e53abe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8781b8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8781b8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"553\" height=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-brown-oxide.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-22022\" alt=\"pcb brown oxide\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-brown-oxide.png 553w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-brown-oxide-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-brown-oxide-18x10.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 553px) 100vw, 553px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88a6100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"88a6100\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnP0LLGfUb2t85176ldH0VCg\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><em><strong>Typical brown oxide coating thickness: 8\u201325 micrometres (\u00b5m)<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55d3efd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"55d3efd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cb77d23\" data-id=\"cb77d23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3c422e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e3c422e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3494c57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3494c57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>What Is Black Oxide Treatment?<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3864b59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3864b59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnmy7PUshIgQ47uUtLpsTEVg\"><div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnlHBYmd27i1ANXt8JuBJyRh\"><div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnmy7PUshIgQ47uUtLpsTEVg\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnYtJ4lrhywTPWTtUfvN2eUb\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnwv3ze2CwWCnnB1YyIMyGTh\">Black oxide is an advanced copper oxide surface treatment consisting mainly of <em>cupric oxide (CuO)<\/em> with some <em>cuprous oxide (Cu\u2082O).<\/em><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-034a328 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"034a328\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f04948f\" data-id=\"f04948f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f638932 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f638932\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-BhYFdLXBCoa53HxgE7mcBeJcnhb\"><strong>Black Oxide Formation Process<\/strong><\/h3><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GewtdeWa8o3eDRxCzq1cXcyKntc\">There are three main methods of applying black oxide: black oxidation, brown oxidation and low-temperature black oxidation. Although the specific chemistry differs, all three methods follow a similar overall process.<\/div><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnn9YTrHyN5UGelWeKBeFulc\">The formation process of black oxide includes:<\/div><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnd7XxL9koPvZFM5fr72ceTh\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Surface cleaning: <\/strong>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/pcb-products\/ele-copper-pcb-board\/\">copper surface<\/a> of the PCB is cleaned to remove any oils, dirt or impurities.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn9jW8s4ApZNWJJIamynEjyb\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Alkaline bath:<\/strong> PCBs are dipped in the alkaline solution of sodium chlorite.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnbGxrD4cOaMLMZTQqkQZo3b\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Aggressive oxidation: <\/strong>A black oxide layer is formed when the solution reacts with the copper more aggressively under high oxidation intensity.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnyYg661wNeJ5S8aKBVXljMd\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Hot water rinse:<\/strong> PCBs are rinsed with hot water.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0a0e29\" data-id=\"e0a0e29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76284d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"76284d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"554\" height=\"413\" src=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-black-oxide.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-22021\" alt=\"pcb black oxide\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-black-oxide.png 554w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-black-oxide-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/pcb-black-oxide-16x12.png 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 554px) 100vw, 554px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10633b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10633b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnio7Gj36wNzWHS1COUdqE5g\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><em><strong>Typical black oxide coating thickness: 1\u201313 micrometres (\u00b5m)<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6a2b556 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6a2b556\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-807a97d\" data-id=\"807a97d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fb3a8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3fb3a8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a99320d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a99320d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Difference Between Brown Oxide and Black Oxide<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47daee1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47daee1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnZ5p0z9x3rFftCO2tjDRiGg\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn5kb0QN4eABCOPuAjDnlPee\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GOZDdwtL4oGjARx7FgvcuZwanQd\">The basic function of the brown and black oxide treatment is to <strong>enhance the bonding force by increasing the contact area between the copper foil and resin.<\/strong> They also:<\/div><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Ct5xdYTJbodNkOxoDoecjC0enni\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Improve the wettability of the copper surface, enabling the resin to flow into dead corners effectively.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-L2b8ddyKWooknkxdVfIcYaYlnnc\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Form a passivation layer on the copper surface, preventing hardener from reacting with copper under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnBIniRoUIjqEtf3c9JKE8tm\">While oxide treatments are carried out to protect the copper surface from oxidation and corrosion, each type of treatment has its own criteria. Some differences between brown and black oxide are as follows:<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e6b3f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e6b3f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-K0cIdmYHAoL9dexzg9WcvY8GnUe\"><strong>Brown Oxide vs Black Oxide: Full Comparison Table<\/strong><\/h3><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab410eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ab410eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><colgroup> <col width=\"216\" \/> <col width=\"240\" \/> <col width=\"286\" \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">Parameter<\/td>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">Brown Oxide<\/td>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #15205e; color: #ffffff; text-align: center;\">Black Oxide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #b56408; color: #ffffff;\">Surface Structure<\/td>\n<td>Granular \/ dense<\/td>\n<td>Needle-like crystals<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #b56408; color: #ffffff;\">Fluff Thickness<\/td>\n<td>Thinner<\/td>\n<td>Thicker<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #b56408; color: #ffffff;\">Coating Thickness<\/td>\n<td>8\u201325 \u00b5m<\/td>\n<td>1\u201313 \u00b5m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #b56408; color: #ffffff;\">Chemical Management Difficulty<\/td>\n<td>Lower<\/td>\n<td>Higher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #b56408; color: #ffffff;\">Micro-etching Rate<\/td>\n<td>Lower<\/td>\n<td>Higher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #b56408; color: #ffffff;\">Solderability<\/td>\n<td>Poor<\/td>\n<td>Moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #b56408; color: #ffffff;\">Corrosion &amp; Leach Resistance<\/td>\n<td>Poor<\/td>\n<td>Moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #b56408; color: #ffffff;\">Thermal Transfer<\/td>\n<td>Poor<\/td>\n<td>Moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #b56408; color: #ffffff;\">Surface Roughness &amp; Coverage<\/td>\n<td>Smaller roughness, limited coverage<\/td>\n<td>Larger roughness, better coverage for minor repairs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #b56408; color: #ffffff;\">Pink Ring Risk<\/td>\n<td>None (good acid resistance)<\/td>\n<td>Possible under poor process control<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"white-space-collapse: preserve; border-color: #b1b7c0 #b1b7c0 #dee0e3 #dee0e3; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: middle; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; background-color: #b56408; color: #ffffff;\">Process Cost<\/td>\n<td>Low<\/td>\n<td>Moderate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5e77543 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5e77543\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2ba9d7\" data-id=\"e2ba9d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83be885 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"83be885\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4a1eb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c4a1eb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Limitations of Each Oxide Treatment<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7a26da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f7a26da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"HiZwdjlI6oc5OvxDadZcngXSnUg\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn5UnbtvdUPz3O4uC4k73aig\"><div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnqvrbPfnPuIhAUEGJJCHQ8d\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnhwMQBM9LNdXfn4C3yeop9g\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-V440dmkj3oLGslxttHgcG32Knkc\">There are some limitations of each oxide treatment process.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-918fe69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"918fe69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e459bcd\" data-id=\"e459bcd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89d33e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89d33e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-X3kMd8D6ToxrSMxnXl8ciElEnud\"><strong>Brown Oxide Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-LTbzdFOsVojHVsxnASecZbBtnCh\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Poor solderability: <\/strong>Brown oxide provides poor solderability as the oxide does not dissolve easily.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NrQhdpiZRoyu0JxPw6ucoUzGnse\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Low corrosion resistance: <\/strong>It has poor resistance to corrosion and leaching.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-SDvDd49N4o00Plxt4Ybcx34Sn6d\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Thermal flow inhibition: <\/strong>A too thick coating of brown oxide can inhibit the thermal flow.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-KB6jdhVKIowmAWx9aWPcp4f5nXd\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Environmental<\/strong><strong> sensitivity: <\/strong>Under harsh environmental conditions, it may cause delamination and contamination.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-aab4394\" data-id=\"aab4394\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e4743d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e4743d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-NtqKdnCHioys9UxhNFOcHwuVnnr\"><strong>Black Oxide Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-FFJ3d95ofoxyQ8xhqBfcgjPqnFd\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Chemical sensitivity: <\/strong>Black oxide has poor resistance to chemicals compared to the more modern oxide treatment.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-P1PLdHVLXolwFWxNw26c46Kjnmc\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Process control demands: <\/strong>Inadequate control can negatively affect surface insulation resistance.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-XwFWd91wdobihOxqqBwch9pIneh\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Layer cracking: <\/strong>It gets easily affected by heat and chemicals.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-W5w9d9waCoC3MpxBY4rcmILunIg\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Pink ring risk: <\/strong>If the process control is not adequate, a risk of pink ring formation can be observed in multilayer PCBs.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bd15c59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bd15c59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c117c50\" data-id=\"c117c50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d7c2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"72d7c2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-338c75a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"338c75a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>PCB Application Guide: When to Use Brown Oxide vs Black Oxide<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b813bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b813bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn65vyp4JAfKpFizhH4l7VIc\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G1UGd2YQBorHyOxo90bcPTXGnrd\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnFhe24V3Pd2IfI61ATqRcKc\">The oxide treatment application varies based on the choice of quality, performance, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/reduce-pcb-cost\/\">cost<\/a> and different process control mechanisms. Some application areas of each oxide treatment are described below:<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9c2879 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d9c2879\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn65vyp4JAfKpFizhH4l7VIc\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G1UGd2YQBorHyOxo90bcPTXGnrd\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-doxcnsKaW4skLqk3PXrf57jgwXc\"><strong>When to Use Brown Oxide<\/strong><\/h3><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-YbM5dwLn4oRgZ6xvM5ccdkFhnAc\">Brown oxide is the preferred choice for:<\/div><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BVaKd4gCko4VycxxM1Dc6NiKnKe\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/pcb-products\/hdi-pcb\/\"><strong>HDI<\/strong><\/a><strong> boards and high-layer-count PCBs<\/strong> \u2013 Brown oxidation is the preferred choice for high-density interconnect (HDI) boards and high-multilayer designs, as it provides a denser, more flexible oxide film<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TRbKdKdplogXifxe5ukcj9CEnVf\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>High-speed and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/high-frequency-pcb\/\">high-frequency electronics<\/a><\/strong> \u2013 Support signal integrity in applications such as smartphones and communication devices<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MNnfdBkXboPs1hxTrvLcfREGnkd\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>High thermal stability applications<\/strong> \u2013 Recommended where good inner-layer adhesion under thermal stress is critical<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-IyBgdiUGGo8ptpxD2MXc87jzntf\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Lead-free soldering processes<\/strong> \u2013 Black oxide is not suitable for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/lead-vs-lead-free-solder-which-is-better\/\">lead-free soldering<\/a> due to its poor leach resistance, which causes tin-copper intermetallics to leach out and degrade solder joints; brown oxide is the safer choice in lead-free environments<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZgyAdCpKvoOn6KxRtB7c96lYnMd\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>PCBs under high mechanical stress<\/strong> \u2013 Provide reliable performance in mechanically demanding environments<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54dfb77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54dfb77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn65vyp4JAfKpFizhH4l7VIc\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-G1UGd2YQBorHyOxo90bcPTXGnrd\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-TOtrdayFpokgKtxJvnCcJAccn3b\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><h3 class=\"heading-3 ace-line old-record-id-doxcnMUulI6YLFtr9VoeP2Pzehe\"><strong>When to Use Black Oxide<\/strong><\/h3><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-NPIjdemOwoNA7UxL4Uncst4knVh\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Standard multilayer PCBs \u2013 <\/strong>Ideal for complex layer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/pcb-knowledge\/4-layer-pcb-stack-up\/\">stack-ups<\/a> requiring reliable adhesion where HDI-level precision is not required<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-QNwtdpKSeo6BHAxYPyvcd3vYnsd\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Cost-sensitive designs<\/strong>\u2013 Black oxide is often preferred when performance demands are lower and cost efficiency is the priority<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-KbA2dBECcoTlE9xkKx6cRJF1nNg\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/applications\/pcb-for-consumer-electronics\/\"><strong>Consumer electronics<\/strong><\/a><strong> and low-performance devices<\/strong> \u2013 Suitable for non-critical applications<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MVHhdHZx1oB8bMxWB4xc6KK9nvf\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div><strong>Legacy multilayer PCBs and impedance-controlled boards<\/strong> \u2013 Still widely used in older designs<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c86a229 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c86a229\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e0e02ad\" data-id=\"e0e02ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91a29f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"91a29f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b713ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b713ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>Conclusions<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1540a4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1540a4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div data-page-id=\"AwAwdRVeHoZhepxJpSIcAl95nUe\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn1OSAKQa6SeGBNOsmQbaogh\"><div data-page-id=\"WnNodxTJeoiBq2xibjZcALH4nnh\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-CfTXd89ICoHauHxfMOmcUhEEn7b\"><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnaI4vnZLL9JLVv4l4ZdnGsd\">During the manufacturing process of multilayer PCB, the adhesion between copper layers and prepreg plays an important role. Both<strong> PCB brown oxide and black oxide<\/strong> aim to achieve the same main goal: <span style=\"color: #008000;\">roughening the copper surface to enhance bonding with resin.<\/span><\/div><ul><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-Fzf6dzf7boqActxY76xcceCcnfc\">Brown oxide is easier and cheaper to produce a copper surface with that layer of oxide film, which is denser and more flexible. As a result, it will give better results when subjected to thermal cycling and mechanical stress.<\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-GFfudVe4loAs2ZxGa00cVQP0nje\">With the rougher and thicker surface created, black oxide can give more initial adhesion strength to standard multilayer PCBs. However, the oxide film of black oxide can be very brittle, and the process has to be controlled very strictly, which means that black oxide cannot be used for very high-reliability or high-density applications.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-MmT6dY0qEozZtSx5achchxdpnRb\">Of course, one can hardly say that brown or black oxide treatments are always better. The choice of brown oxide or black oxide will depend on the design needs of the PCB, its manufacturing process, cost and reliability of the application. As <a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/blog\/pcb-knowledge\/pcb-design-rule-check-drc-test\/\">PCB design<\/a> continues to evolve towards higher densities and more demanding environments, understanding the advantages and disadvantages of these two processing methods helps to make informed engineering decisions.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3fbf80ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3fbf80ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-38f5135b\" data-id=\"38f5135b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f182f22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f182f22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><b>FAQs<\/b><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24f8266c elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"24f8266c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Q1: Can black oxide be used for high-density interconnect (HDI) boards?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6201\"><div data-page-id=\"K5cQdPyqAoIVz9xiCVzcrjK4n2e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div data-page-id=\"PzvadCyLxoGC6axfsi0cBB2BnWf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><p>A1: Generally, black oxide can not be used for HDI boards due to the following reasons:<\/p><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnJmHSjwjTVOLGX09JiWoTEx\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Black oxide has low thermal stability, and the hard oxide film can peel off with repeated heating and cooling of HDI boards.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnB4uXi7uAgn1edEagS05vzb\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>HDI designs demand fine lines and tight spacing. But black oxide offers less flexible bonding compared to that of HDI designs.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnjAWucFjInKEvYun6EIFUCf\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Under mechanical and thermal stress, a reliability problem may arise due to delamination.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Q2: How does surface roughness affect lamination?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6202\"><div data-page-id=\"K5cQdPyqAoIVz9xiCVzcrjK4n2e\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BWQ0dJKPTovPhYx6XTfc9xMAngc\"><div data-page-id=\"PzvadCyLxoGC6axfsi0cBB2BnWf\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><div class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZGjidQpZuouEMuxnruBcR4Ujndg\"><p>A2: The surface roughness plays an important role in PCB lamination. It provides the following functions:<\/p><div data-page-id=\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\" data-lark-html-role=\"root\" data-docx-has-block-data=\"false\"><ul class=\"list-bullet1\"><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn0zgtWxnn1FVaGu5ipyveud\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Expands surface area for good resin bonding with copper.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnzIv9eJbGGYT93uXySyDT6d\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Creates micro anchor points that will bond resin and increase adhesion.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnaKoe22QmlJR5xiyaThdybg\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Resists delamination when subjected to mechanical stresses and heat.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnpOdNJjpoAVpLrgVFAMIb0g\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>Enhances the general lamination properties and the reliability of PCBs.<\/div><\/li><li class=\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnz0q6ro4VmLTZXnaD0Eb2Ph\" data-list=\"bullet\"><div>The surface roughness must be carefully controlled. If it is too rough, poor resin flow occurs, and if it is too smooth, poor bonding occurs.<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Q1: Can black oxide be used for high-density interconnect (HDI) boards?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<div data-page-id=\\\"K5cQdPyqAoIVz9xiCVzcrjK4n2e\\\" data-lark-html-role=\\\"root\\\" data-docx-has-block-data=\\\"false\\\"><div data-page-id=\\\"PzvadCyLxoGC6axfsi0cBB2BnWf\\\" data-lark-html-role=\\\"root\\\" data-docx-has-block-data=\\\"false\\\"><p>A1: Generally, black oxide can not be used for HDI boards due to the following reasons:<\\\/p><div data-page-id=\\\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\\\" data-lark-html-role=\\\"root\\\" data-docx-has-block-data=\\\"false\\\"><ul class=\\\"list-bullet1\\\"><li class=\\\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnJmHSjwjTVOLGX09JiWoTEx\\\" data-list=\\\"bullet\\\"><div>Black oxide has low thermal stability, and the hard oxide film can peel off with repeated heating and cooling of HDI boards.<\\\/div><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnB4uXi7uAgn1edEagS05vzb\\\" data-list=\\\"bullet\\\"><div>HDI designs demand fine lines and tight spacing. But black oxide offers less flexible bonding compared to that of HDI designs.<\\\/div><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnjAWucFjInKEvYun6EIFUCf\\\" data-list=\\\"bullet\\\"><div>Under mechanical and thermal stress, a reliability problem may arise due to delamination.<\\\/div><\\\/li><\\\/ul><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div>\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Q2: How does surface roughness affect lamination?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<div data-page-id=\\\"K5cQdPyqAoIVz9xiCVzcrjK4n2e\\\" data-lark-html-role=\\\"root\\\" data-docx-has-block-data=\\\"false\\\"><div class=\\\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-BWQ0dJKPTovPhYx6XTfc9xMAngc\\\"><div data-page-id=\\\"PzvadCyLxoGC6axfsi0cBB2BnWf\\\" data-lark-html-role=\\\"root\\\" data-docx-has-block-data=\\\"false\\\"><div class=\\\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-ZGjidQpZuouEMuxnruBcR4Ujndg\\\"><p>A2: The surface roughness plays an important role in PCB lamination. It provides the following functions:<\\\/p><div data-page-id=\\\"CDXid7bJ0oEcpBxXIcHcUHZUnae\\\" data-lark-html-role=\\\"root\\\" data-docx-has-block-data=\\\"false\\\"><ul class=\\\"list-bullet1\\\"><li class=\\\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcn0zgtWxnn1FVaGu5ipyveud\\\" data-list=\\\"bullet\\\"><div>Expands surface area for good resin bonding with copper.<\\\/div><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnzIv9eJbGGYT93uXySyDT6d\\\" data-list=\\\"bullet\\\"><div>Creates micro anchor points that will bond resin and increase adhesion.<\\\/div><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnaKoe22QmlJR5xiyaThdybg\\\" data-list=\\\"bullet\\\"><div>Resists delamination when subjected to mechanical stresses and heat.<\\\/div><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnpOdNJjpoAVpLrgVFAMIb0g\\\" data-list=\\\"bullet\\\"><div>Enhances the general lamination properties and the reliability of PCBs.<\\\/div><\\\/li><li class=\\\"ace-line ace-line old-record-id-doxcnz0q6ro4VmLTZXnaD0Eb2Ph\\\" data-list=\\\"bullet\\\"><div>The surface roughness must be carefully controlled. If it is too rough, poor resin flow occurs, and if it is too smooth, poor bonding occurs.<\\\/div><\\\/li><\\\/ul><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div>\"}}]}<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51779fbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51779fbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7acf56f\" data-id=\"7acf56f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e1fc9ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"4e1fc9ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"2056\" class=\"elementor elementor-2056\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6012901 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6012901\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-afac9b2\" data-id=\"afac9b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b379375 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b379375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/pcb-products\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-2-768x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-15779\" alt=\"pcb and pcba products 1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-2-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-2-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-2-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-2-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-2-scaled.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8968fc1\" data-id=\"8968fc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c3b5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c0c3b5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/contact-us\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/contact-us-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-15819\" alt=\"contact us\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/contact-us-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/contact-us-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/contact-us-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/contact-us-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/contact-us-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a17958a\" data-id=\"a17958a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4326577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4326577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/pcb-products\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-1-768x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-15778\" alt=\"pcb and pcba products 2\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-1-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-1-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-1-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-1-1536x2048.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/white-bg-1-scaled.jpg 1921w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3dd32bd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3dd32bd7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-30e73de5\" data-id=\"30e73de5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e6f562b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e6f562b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1aae434c\" data-id=\"1aae434c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7de62f23\" data-id=\"7de62f23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-225d5b79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"225d5b79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-family: Oswald, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 10px; line-height: 1.125em; font-size: 32px; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; color: #0a1f34;\">CONTACT US<\/p><div class=\"textwidget\"><div id=\"wpcf7-f5-p60-o1\" class=\"wpcf7\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en-US\" role=\"form\"><div class=\"screen-reader-response\" style=\"position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; padding: 0px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); border: 0px;\"><p style=\"font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.58em; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; padding: 25px 0px 15px; text-align: center; max-width: 846px;\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><form id=\"cf7-form-5\" class=\"wpcf7-form init cf7mls-no-scroll cf7mls-no-moving-animation\" style=\"position: relative; overflow: hidden;\" action=\"https:\/\/www.mclpcb.com\/capabilities\/#wpcf7-f5-p60-o1\" method=\"post\" novalidate=\"novalidate\" data-status=\"init\" data-fx-id=\"1587946425258918\"><div class=\"contact-inner\" style=\"max-width: 846px; margin: 0px auto;\"><p style=\"font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.58em; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; padding: 25px 0px 15px; text-align: center; max-width: 846px;\">We provide technical expertise form prototype through production, increasing speed to market by 20%.<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Contact us below to start discussing your project with our Technical Experts today.<\/p><p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Whether you already have Gerber Files, submit a\u00a0Quick Quote\u00a0for free estimate.<\/p><\/div><\/form><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5782c747 elementor-button-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-form\" data-id=\"5782c747\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;step_next_label&quot;:&quot;Next&quot;,&quot;step_previous_label&quot;:&quot;Previous&quot;,&quot;button_width&quot;:&quot;100&quot;,&quot;step_type&quot;:&quot;number_text&quot;,&quot;step_icon_shape&quot;:&quot;circle&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"form.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form class=\"elementor-form\" method=\"post\" name=\"New Form\" aria-label=\"New Form\">\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"post_id\" value=\"2056\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"form_id\" value=\"5782c747\"\/>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"referer_title\" value=\"An Ultimate Guide to PCB Inspection Methods-ELE PCB\" \/>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"queried_id\" value=\"4187\"\/>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-form-fields-wrapper elementor-labels-above\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-text elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-name elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYour Name\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"text\" name=\"form_fields[name]\" id=\"form-field-name\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-email elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-message elementor-col-50\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-message\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEmail Address\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"email\" name=\"form_fields[message]\" id=\"form-field-message\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-tel elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_373bda7 elementor-col-50\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_373bda7\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPhone Number\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input size=\"1\" type=\"tel\" name=\"form_fields[field_373bda7]\" id=\"form-field-field_373bda7\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-field-textual\" pattern=\"[0-9()#&amp;+*-=.]+\" title=\"Csak a sz\u00e1mok \u00e9s telefonkarakterek (#, -, * stb.) fogadhat\u00f3k el.\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-checkbox elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_c168eb1 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI am interested in (select all that apply)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-subgroup  elementor-subgroup-inline\"><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Rigid PCBs\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-0\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-0\">Rigid PCBs<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Flexible Printed Circuit Boards\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-1\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-1\">Flexible Printed Circuit Boards<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Flexible Aluminum PCBs\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-2\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-2\">Flexible Aluminum PCBs<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Flexible PCB Microcircuits\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-3\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-3\">Flexible PCB Microcircuits<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Ultra-Thin Flexible PCBs\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-4\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-4\">Ultra-Thin Flexible PCBs<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Rigid-Flex\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-5\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-5\">Rigid-Flex<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Ceramic Printed Circuit Boards\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-6\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-6\">Ceramic Printed Circuit Boards<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Aluminum Printed Circuit Boards\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-7\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-7\">Aluminum Printed Circuit Boards<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Copper Core\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-8\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-8\">Copper Core<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"IC Substrates &amp; Interposer\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-9\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-9\">IC Substrates & Interposer<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"High TG PCBs\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-10\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-10\">High TG PCBs<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Heavy Copper\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-11\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-11\">Heavy Copper<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"PCB Assembly\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-12\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-12\">PCB Assembly<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Components Sourcing\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-13\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-13\">Components Sourcing<\/label><\/span><span class=\"elementor-field-option\"><input type=\"checkbox\" value=\"Other\" id=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-14\" name=\"form_fields[field_c168eb1][]\"> <label for=\"form-field-field_c168eb1-14\">Other<\/label><\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-upload elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_2cea676 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_2cea676\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUpload Your Files (Optional)\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"file\" name=\"form_fields[field_2cea676]\" id=\"form-field-field_2cea676\" class=\"elementor-field elementor-size-sm  elementor-upload-field\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-type-textarea elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-group-field_9ceb2c8 elementor-col-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<label for=\"form-field-field_9ceb2c8\" class=\"elementor-field-label\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMessage\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<textarea class=\"elementor-field-textual elementor-field  elementor-size-sm\" name=\"form_fields[field_9ceb2c8]\" id=\"form-field-field_9ceb2c8\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-field-group elementor-column elementor-field-type-submit elementor-col-100 e-form__buttons\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"elementor-button elementor-size-sm\" type=\"submit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Submit<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-123957a9\" data-id=\"123957a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Contents During the production of multilayer PCBs, the exposed surface of copper is prone to oxidation and corrosion when exposed to air and moisture. This can decrease the solderability, reduce the bond strength between the copper layers and prepreg during lamination, and impact the reliability of the PCB.To solve this, PCB oxide coating [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":22020,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22018","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22018"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22018\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22035,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22018\/revisions\/22035"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22020"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22018"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.elepcb.com\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}